Feral swine (Sus scrofa), also known as feral pig or wild boar, is a designation that can be applied to the introduced Eurasian boar, escaped or released domestic pig, and crossbreeds of the two. Eurasian boars were introduced to North America as early as 1539 as domestic pigs; additional introductions of other wild Eurasian boar races for hunting occurred through the 1800s and 1900s.
New York populations of feral swine have most likely emerged from escaped and abandoned Eurasian boars kept in captivity and at hunting preserves. Feral swine crossbreed readily with domestic pigs, which has resulted in a wide range of coat colors and body shapes. Many look like typical wild boars, while others may be hard to distinguish from domestic pigs.
Known breeding populations of feral swine in NY (2011) include northwest Cortland, southwest Onondaga, and southern Tioga counties. Pennsylvania also has well established populations in 18 or more counties. Swine may be seen in several Southern Tier border counties with Pennsylvania. Feral hogs have also been observed in a few upstate counties associated with hunting preserves.
This map shows the density of observations of invasive feral swine reported to NYiMapInvasives.org. Observation density can be attributed to local monitoring efforts and is not intended to reflect the distribution of the species in the state. Source: NYiMapInvasives.org, October 2014
2010 Feral Swine populations in New York and surrounding areas (USDA-APHIS)
Biology
Feral pigs can breed at any time with a gestation of 115 days. A female is sexually mature at 1 year of age. Litter sizes range from 1-8 piglets; sows aggressively protect their young. Due to their hardiness and ability to adapt to a wide range of weather conditions and food sources, feral swine can triple their population in a year.
Sows average 110 pounds and boars 130 pounds, but can reach up to 400 pounds. Their appearance can be spotted, belted, or striped, entirely brown, or domestic-looking. Their razor sharp tusks can be 5 inches long before breaking or wearing down. Swine use their tusks to defend themselves and to establish dominance. In New York, the adults have few predators to control herd size.
Impacts
Feral swine (Sus scrofa) have a list of environmental, agricultural, and human impacts including:
Tearing up farm and forest land as they root and wallow, destroying acres of agricultural land and crops in just a few days.
Carrying diseases transmittable to domestic pigs and humans, including swine brucellosis, pseudo-rabies, trichinosis and leptospirosis.
Competing with wildlife for food.
Fouling water supplies.
Feeding on fawns, ground-nesting birds and reptiles, and even young livestock.
Destroying wildlife habitat and sensitive natural areas.
Contributing to erosion and water quality issues.
Serving as a highway hazard; swine eyes do not reflect in light at night.
Displaying aggressiveness toward humans with the potential to cause harm.
Feral swine (Photo: Billy Higginbotham, Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Bugwood.org )Damage to suburban yard caused by feral swine. (Photo: Billy Higginbotham, Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Bugwood.org)
Signs of Feral Swine
Feral swine are nocturnal; rooting and wallowing in fields and forests, eating crops and hunting. They can decimate acres of fields and gardens every night. Their rooting furrows, 2 to 8” deep, leave a “plowed” look to the landscape.
Their tracks and impressions of their coarse hair can be seen at wallowing holes, creeks, and mud holes. After wallowing, which can destroy habitat, they often rub the mud onto nearby trees. Swine tracks are similar to deer tracks, but more rounded. Swine scat can resemble deer, dog, and human scat.
Tracks: Deer, left, feral swine, right (Credit: Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management, http://icwdm.org)
Management
It is illegal in New York to hunt, trap or take any free-ranging Eurasian boar. This law was passed to discourage the illegal release of boars for hunting. Illegal release is the primary way feral swine are expanding across the US. “Free-ranging” is defined as any Eurasian boar that is not lawfully possessed within a completely enclosed or fenced facility from which the animal cannot escape to the wild. (Environmental Conservation Law Section 180.12, Eurasian boar, April 2014).
Feral swine may be excluded from gardens and domestic hog pens with very heavy duty fencing, but since they can burrow, fencing should be monitored. Domestic swine should be securely enclosed.
Shooting can be used to remove one or two feral hogs, but trapping is recommended for removing family groups. Specially-designed corral traps with heavy metal fencing and mechanical doors are needed to capture free-ranging swine.
Adult feral wine (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Archive, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org)
Reporting
If you see, shoot, or trap feral swine please report it to your regional NYS DEC Wildlife office http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/50230.html. It is important that natural resource managers know where the swine are.
Feral swine are a threat to New York’s landscape and agriculture. They can cause an immense amount of damage in a short period of time and can transmit disease. Please do not intentionally release swine into the wild for hunting and keep an eye out for escaped domestic pigs. Eradication of feral swine is important.
Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), also commonly called water thyme, is a submersed perennial herb. The plant is rooted in the bed of the waterbody and has long stems (up to 25 feet in length) that branch at the surface where growth becomes horizontal and forms dense mats. Small (2 – 4 mm wide, 6 – 20 mm long), pointed, often serrated leaves are arranged around the stem in whorls of 3 to 10. Southern populations are predominantly dioecious female (plants having only female flowers) that overwinter as perennials. Populations north of South Carolina, including populations in New York, are essentially monoecious (having both male and female flowers on the same plant) that set some fertile seed, and depend on tubers for overwintering. These monoecious plants produce female flowers with three translucent petals 10 – 50 mm long by 4 – 8 mm wide, and male flowers with three white to red narrow petals about 2 mm long.
Close-up of Hydrilla. Photo: Chris Evans, River to River CWMA, Bugwood.org
Origin
The dioecious form of Hydrilla is believed to originate from the Indian subcontinent, specifically the island of Sri Lanka, although random DNA analysis also indicates India’s southern mainland as a possible source location. The monoecious form is believed to have arrived on our shores from Korea.
Habitat
Hydrilla can be found infesting freshwater lakes, ponds, rivers, impoundments and canals.
Hydrilla infestation of small lake. Photo: Tim Murphy, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Introduction & Spread
The dioecious strain of H. verticillata was imported as an aquarium plant in the early 1950s. Discarded (or intentionally planted ) colonies were found in canals in Miami and Tampa shortly after. The monoecious strain was introduced separately decades later in the Potomac Basin.
Both dioecious and monoecious Hydrilla propagate primarily by stem fragments, although turions (buds) and subterranean tubers also play an important role. The main means of introduction of Hydrilla is as castaway fragments on recreational boats and trailers and in their live wells. New colonies can often be found near boat ramps as such stem pieces become rooted in the substrate (even very, very small fragments can become the start of new populations). Boat traffic through established populations can shatter and spread Hydrilla throughout the waterbody, similar to the spread of Eurasian watermilfoil.
Hydrilla is often a contaminant on popular watergarden plants and may be unwittingly transported and established in private ponds in this manner. As with most invasive aquatic plant species, Hydrilla is a very opportunistic organism and can often be found taking over waters that have had populations of Eurasian watermilfoil chemically removed without a management plan for reestablishing native vegetation.
Impacts
Hydrilla can invade deep, dark waters where most native plants cannot grow. The plant’s aggressive growth (hydrilla’s 20 – 30 foot stems can add up to an inch per day) can spread into shallow water areas and form thick mats that block sunlight to native plants below, effectively displacing the native vegetation of a waterbody. Major colonies of hydrilla can alter the physical and chemical characteristics of lakes:
It is one of the world’s worst aquatic invasive plants
It blocks sunlight and displaces native plants below with its thick, dense surface mats
Stratification of the water column and decreased dissolved oxygen levels can lead to fish kills
The weight and size of sportfish can be reduced when open water and natural vegetation are lost
Waterfowl feeding areas and fish spawning sites are eliminating by dense surface mats
Thick mats of vegation can obstruct boating, swimming and fishing
The value of shorefront property can be significantly reduced, hurting both homeowners and the communities that rely on taxation of shoreline property
In severe infestations, intakes at water treatment, power generation, and industrial facilities can be blocked
Emergent stems and leaves of Hydrilla. Photo: David J. Moorhead, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Identification
Hydrilla has pointed, bright green leaves about 5/8 inches long. The leaves grow in whorls of 3 – 10 along the stem, 5 being most common. The margins of the leaves are serrated (toothed). Thin stalks from the stem end in a single, small, floating white flower at the water’s surface. A key identifying feature is the presence of small (up to half inch long), dull-white to yellowish, potato-like tubers which grow 2 to 12 inches below the surface of the sediment at the ends of underground stems. These tubers form at the end of the growing season and serve to store food to allow Hydrilla to overwinter.
Illustration: Cayuga Lake Watershed Network (Rev. October 3, 2012, CCE ISP)Close-up of H. verticillata stem and leaves. Photo: Robert Vidéki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org
Native Lookalikes
Hydrilla is often confused with the common native water weed, Elodea Canadensis, whichhas whorls of 3 smooth-edged leaves as opposed to whorls of 4 to 10 serrated and spined leaves.
Line art: University of Florida Center for Aquatic Plants
Prevention
The best way to help prevent the spread of Hydrilla is to follow basic clean boating techniques:
For All Types of Watercraft:
Be aware of and, if possible, avoid passing through dense beds of aquatic vegetation
Inspect your watercraft, all equipment, and trailers after each use for any plant material
Remove and dispose of all plant matter, dirt, mud and other material in a trash can or above the waterline on dry land well away from where it might get washed back into the lake
Clean and dry all equipment thoroughly before visiting other water bodies (including anything that got wet, such as fishing gear and the family dog)
For Non-Motorized Craft Such as rowing shells, canoes, kayaks, and sailboards:
Open airlocks on shells or air bladders on kayaks after use and allow to dry thoroughly, as plant fragments can survive moist conditions for many days
Around Docks, Launch Sites, and Other Areas:
If plant fragments are piling up around dock areas, use a rake to remove plant material and dispose in the trash
Control
Mechanical harvesting and herbicide spraying are common control methods of controlling Hydrilla. Both are expensive and only moderately effective.
Power weed cutters mow underwater weeds below the water surface and gather them onto a conveyor. The harvesting process is expensive, costing over $1,000 per acre. Because of Hydrilla’s rapid growth, mechanical harvesting needs to be performed several times per growing season. Since the mowing and removal process cannot capture every single fragment of Hydrilla stem and leaf, water and wind currents moving away from the harvest area can easily carry these fragments to uninfested areas of a waterbody and result in new populations taking root.
Chemicals are easier to apply, but also costly. Herbicide spraying works best in small, enclosed bodies of water, and does not work at all in larger bodies the size of a Finger Lake, or in moving water such as a stream, river or canal. Herbicides can also have unintended impacts on native flora, as well. For those reasons, permits for chemical control of Hydrilla are difficult to obtain in New York.
Biological control insects as part of efforts to control Hydrilla have been attempted in Florida with mixed results. Leaf-mining flies from Australia and India and a tuber-feeding weevil from India have been used overseas. The insects released are not native to NY, nor are they currently permitted for release in the State. The use of non-native species to attempt to control another non-native species can be risky if the newly released species out-competes native insects, causing a new invasive species problem. The use of sterile grass carp has been used with some success in small lakes in the southern US but would be impractical in lakes the size of the Finger Lakes.
Another method of dealing with Hydrilla infestations is the control of water levels. Temporary control of Hydrilla has been shown to result from large-scale, long-term water drawdowns. However, since new plants can grow from the buried tubers, regrowth can take place when water levels are allowed to return to normal. Drawdowns also can have negative environmental impacts on native plant species and on fish populations.
Suction harvesting of Hydrilla growth by divers using very strong vacuum hoses can be used to remove Hydrilla from confined areas. However, as with drawdowns, if the underground tubers are not removed by dredging following the suction harvesting, regrowth can take place from the tubers during the next growing season. Further, any fragments that might escape during vacuum activities can float away to root and start new infestations.
The “best”, most effective way to control Hydrilla is the prevention of new Hydrilla infestations.
Eastern US Occurrences
Waterbodies infested with Hydrilla can be found in 70% of Florida’s freshwater drainage basins, making it the most abundant aquatic plant in that state’s waters. Hydrilla is also widespread throughout Alabama; impoundments on the Tennessee River; eastern Mississippi; southeastern Tennessee; southwestern Georgia; South Carolina; eastern North Carolina; in Virginia’s Potomac, Rappahannock, and Appomattox Rivers and into the piedmont, in the tidal freshwater reaches of the Potomac River on the Virginia/Maryland border; along the western and northeastern shores of the Chesapeake Bay, including the Pautuxent River, where it is the most abundant plant species; Pennsylvania (in the Schuylkill River near downtown Philadelphia); eastern Kentucky; in ponds in Delaware; southeastern Connecticut; in a Cape Cod pond in Massachusetts; in southwestern Maine; in New Jersey’s Lower Delaware drainage; Indiana’s Lake Manitou; Wisconsin; and since 2008, in three New York lakes in Suffolk and Orange Counties, and in Cayuga Lake in NY’s Finger Lakes.
Hydrilla can also be found at numerous sites west of the Mississippi River.
Cayuga Lake Inlet Infestation
H. verticillata was detected in the Cayuga Lake Inlet in Ithaca, New York in 2011 by staff of the Cayuga Lake Floating Classroom. A follow-up survey by Robert L. Johnson, a former researcher with the Cornell University Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, now with Racine-Johnson Aquatic Ecologists, located extensive Hydrilla populations in several areas of the Inlet. The Hydrilla appeared to be localized to the Inlet, with no evidence of the plant in Cayuga Lake proper. This was the first detection of Hydrilla in upstate New York. The risk of the plant spreading to the rest of Cayuga Lake and other regional waterbodies in the Finger Lakes region is considered to be substantial. State, regional, and local officials and organizations, along with biologists from Cornell University are developing plans to control, manage, and prevent the spread of the invader, as well as outreach efforts to enlist the public’s help in preventing the plant’s spread.
Profile revised October 3, 2012.
New York Distribution Map
This map shows confirmed observations (green points) submitted to the NYS Invasive Species Database. Absence of data does not necessarily mean absence of the species at that site, but that it has not been reported there. For more information, please visit iMapInvasives.
EAB on leaf, note irregular edges caused by EAB feeding on leaves. Source: David Cappeart, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org
Hello emerald ash borer. Goodbye ash trees.
The Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), commonly referred to as “EAB”, is an invasive wood-boring beetle. Native to Asia, the beetle’s first North American populations were confirmed in the summer of 2002 in southeast Michigan and in Windsor, Ontario. EAB was likely introduced to the area in the mid-1990’s in ash wood used for shipping pallets and packing materials in cargo ships or shipping containers. Emerald ash borers feed on and eventually kill all native ash trees (Fraxinus spp.). Slowing their spread is imperative.
Find external websites, posters, and presentations about EAB.
New York Distribution Map
This map shows confirmed observations (green points) submitted to the NYS Invasive Species Database. Absence of data does not necessarily mean absence of the species at that site, but that it has not been reported there. For more information, please visit iMapInvasives.
.jpg)
